PG Thesis

INVESTIGATION ON THE CAPACITANCE FLOWMETER & DEVELOPMENT OF VOID FRACTION SENSOR FOR CRYOGENIC TWO-PHASE FLOW

Mon, 03 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT

INVESTIGATION ON THE CAPACITANCE FLOWMETER & DEVELOPMENT OF VOID FRACTION SENSOR FOR CRYOGENIC TWO-PHASE FLOW Archana, Mohan; Mathew, Skaria Cryocoolers are devices that produce very low temperatures and provide adequate amount of cooling power at a specific location and hence can replace the conventional cryogenic fluids. The main difference between cryocoolers and cryogenic fluids is that cryocoolers can produce refrigeration at various low temperatures, while cryogenic fluids only provide refrigeration at specific temperatures, namely their boiling points. Cryocoolers can be classified into different types based on the heat exchangers used in them. They are regenerative and recuperative types. Regenerative type cryocoolers are further classified into three types namely, Stirling, Gifford McMahon (GM) and Pulse Tube. The CTI GM type cryocooler (Model: Cryodyne, Number:350C) had been chosen in our studies to understand its design, working and also to reverse engineer its development. One could learn the assembly of the system and also how it can be dismantled without damaging the components. After preparing the dimensional drawing of the displacer, Bakelite has been used for its fabrication, since it forms an equivalent substitute for the original Micarta material. The newly fabricated displacer housing was filled with the original regenerator materials and assembled into the coldhead housing. The temperature sensors were incorporated for the first and second stage cold heads. The system was tested for its performance to determine its lowest temperature reached. The regenerator materials and the sealings form the crucial components for the improved performance of the cryocooler. Both Teflon split rings and Rulon split rings have been used as sealings in our studies. Presently second stage temperature ~11.5K has been measured with lead as the regenerator material, with a water cooled 3kW helium compressor. On the other hand, with 1.5kW helium compressor, a temperature of 14.7K has been measured with lead as the regenerator material. With the same helium compressor, temperatures of 15.48K and 19.45K have been measured with Holmium copper and Erbium Nickel as regenerator materialrespectively. Since the above values are higher than those of with Lead as regenerator, we suspect the above regenerator materials have aged and are not performing satisfactorily. The first stage temperatures have been measured as 75.96 K and 58.93 K for Holmium copper and Erbium Nickel as second stage regenerator materials respectively. The first stage regenerator material used in the setup is copper meshes (< 200 mesh size). We have successfully designed and fabricated the displacer housing of the GM cryocooler system. Experiment have been performed using both labyrinth and non-labyrinth type housing. The performance of the system with indigenously designed displacer is quite satisfactory. Also, the theoretical analysis of the single stage GM Cryocooler has been attempted using the open-source regions software. By this analysis one can evaluate the cooling power, COP and inefficiency of the system as a function of various design and operational parameters. Following are the outcomes of the project. 1. Complete design drawings of the first and second stage displacer along with its housing. 2. Both Labyrinth type and non-labyrinth type displacers I have been designed, fabricated and tested. 3. Teflon silly rings are formed to perform better than the plastic sealing rings The results indicate that the performance of the regenerator materials such as Holmium Copper and Erbium Nickel is not satisfactory due to the aging effect and perhaps one should look for fresh regenerator materials.

DEVELOPMENT OF TWO STAGE GIFFORD McMAHON CRYOCOOLER

Mon, 03 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT

DEVELOPMENT OF TWO STAGE GIFFORD McMAHON CRYOCOOLER Rahul, R; Rijo Jacob, Thomas Cryogenic fluids have significant growth in different industrial applications, including superconductivity, aerospace etc. Depending on the application, the cryogenic fluid flow's purpose varies greatly. Cryogens are required in the case of superconducting magnets in order to maintain the magnet material below a certain temperature and preserve the superconducting state. Currently, no one technology is capable of measuring two-phase flow throughout the entire range of flow conditions. Presenting the design and testing of the proposed two-phase flow-metering device is the goal. The concept is to use capacitance to measure the liquid's height at various locations in the channel by forcing the flow into both a laminar and stratified flow regime. In theory, the flow-rate can be inferred from these height measurements. The idea is a two- phase flow of vapor and liquid through small, parallel channels that produces a laminar, stratified flow that slopes at the liquid-vapor interface. Capacitance-liquid level devices are used in the channel to measure the liquid height. G10 printed circuit boards (PCBs) are used to create the channel walls, and the capacitor conductors are electroplated directly onto the boards to minimize channel intrusion.

Fabrication and Characterization of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites reinforced with Clamshell

Wed, 22 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT

Fabrication and Characterization of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites reinforced with Clamshell Muhammad, Malik F; Mubarak, Ali.M. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have garnered significant attention due to their improved mechanical properties and versatility in various engineering applications. This study focuses on the fabrication and characterization of aluminium metal matrix composites reinforced with clamshell particles using the stir casting technique. The objective is to enhance the mechanical properties of aluminium through the incorporation of clamshell particles, a natural and sustainable material. The fabrication process involves the preparation of clamshell particles , subsequent mixing with molten aluminium using stir casting. The stirring parameters are optimized to achieve a homogeneous distribution of clamshell particles within the aluminium matrix. The fabricated composites are then subjected to various characterization techniques to evaluate their structural, mechanical, and thermal properties. Mechanical properties, including hardness, tensile strength, and impact resistance, are assessed through standard testing procedures. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the feasibility and effectiveness of clamshell-reinforced aluminium composites. The incorporation of clamshell particles is expected to impart unique mechanical properties to the aluminium matrix, making it suitable for applications in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing. The sustainable nature of clamshell reinforces the eco-friendly aspect of the developed composites, aligning with the growing emphasis on green and sustainable materials in engineering applications.

Analysis of Springback in Incremental Forming

Wed, 22 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT

Analysis of Springback in Incremental Forming Ramvalsal, S; Sadiq, A Incremental forming process is having greater industrial relevance for developing minimum or batch number of pieces by forming metals to complex shapes even without using a die. The springback phenomenon is an inherent feature of this incremental forming process, which is to be identified and controlled for precision in the dimension of metal product developed, in the context of incremental forming. This project focuses on the comprehensive analysis of springback in incremental forming of aluminium, copper and stainless steel sheets using a CNC milling machine, with multipoint forming tool. The study involves the systematic variation of key parameters such as tool speed, feed and vertical step depth in nine distinct experiments for each material following Taguchi’s orthogonal array. The springback of each formed shape is meticulously measured using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM), and the results are compared with the given dimensions to identify relationships between the selected parameters and the observed springback behaviour. The springback results from different experiments have been compared to find pattern, trends and propose optimized adjustments to minimize springback.